Cpu Research Paper

processor Past, put in, A mainframe (central touch unit) is the school principal of the ready reckoner it follows the instructions of the softwargon to manipulate data into information. (Sawyer, 2010, p. 208) The central bear on unit performs system of logical system and arithmetical operations, controls instruction processing, and supervises the oerall operation of the computer. The main components of the mainframe atomic number 18 the CU (control unit) and the ALU (arithmetic/logic unit). (Dugger & adenosine monophosphate Gerrish, 1994, p. 78) The CPU also has registers which temporary ancestry data during processing, and buses that act as roadways which transmit bits of data within the CPU and to other components on the motherboard. CPU The control unit deciphers the instructions from the commentary and moves them into memory. For each instruction the CPU lead fetch the instruction, decode the instruction, melt down the instruction, and store the result. These four basal operations be cognise as a machine cycle. The control unit is therefore responsible in the CPU to instruct and control where the data goes to and what will happen to it. (Sawyer, 2010, p. 208)ALU The arithmetic/logic unit dos data that the control unit has sent to it. It performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The ALU also performs basic logic operations such as comparing two numbers to study if they are equal, less than, greater than, or non equal. (Dugger & Gerrish, 1994, p. 581) Registers Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily store data during processing. (Sawyer, 2010, p. 209) The CPU contains some(prenominal) types of registers such as an instruction register, address register, storage register, and an accumulator register.These registers whitethorn store a program instruction, store data while being processed, or store the results of a calculation. Without the registers the control u nit or arithmetic/logic unit could not complete their work. Buses A bus is a group of parallel conductors which carry information. (Microprocessors, 1983, pp. 2-2) The conductors may be wires in a cable, foil patterns on a printed circuit board, or microscopic coat deposits in a silicon snap off. Buses act as data roadways to lay out data from one place to another as needed. The term CPU/central processing unit has been in use since the 1960s.Nowadays, we are much familiar with the term microprocessors which are CPUs that are manufactured on incorporate circuits in a single-chip package. However, before getting into todays engine room I will take a look at the outgoing CPU technology. Past Exactly which computer was the firstborn electronic computer completed in the United States is a controversial subject. Iowa State University claims that the Atanasoff-Berry computing machine at ISU was completed in 1942 just before its creator was called up for duty in the war effort. ( Munns) Another computer at the University of pappa which was funded by the military was completed in 1946 by J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. commencement Generation Eckert and Mauchlys invention was called the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, or as many now know it, as ENIAC. This first multiplication computer weighed 30 tons and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes. ENIAC could do 5000 additions per second. Each ad hoc sequence of calculations had to be hard-wired into the machine. To change programs, ENIAC had to be completely rewired. ENIAC is generally known as the first electronic computer in the United States. However, since ENIAC could not store a program it did not have, what we would call, a CPU. Dugger & Gerrish, 1994, p. 571) In 1945 John von Neumann created a tendency for a computer system. His design included four basic units for a computer a CPU, an stimulation device, an output device, and storage. (Dugger & Gerrish, 1994, p. 571) In 1946 John vo n Neumann joined with Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania to create the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic computing device (EDVAC). EDVAC was completed in 1949. It contained almost 6000 vacuum tubes and had 12,000 diodes. EDVAC covered 490 square feet of ball over and weighed almost 9 tons. It required thirty people to operate it.EDVAC is considered the first truly programmable electronic computer that included a central processing unit. No doubt the CPU was enormous, but keep mum a placeable CPU. (EDVAC) plunk for Generation In 1954 Texas Instruments introduced the silicon junction transistor. This revolutionized computer technology and created the Second Generation of computers. Transistorized CPUs of the 1950s and 60s were no agelong hampered by vacuum tubes and electrical relay. Second Generation computers were smaller, quick, to a greater extent rugged, and more(prenominal) reliable. With this improvement, more complex and reliable CPUs were buil t onto one or several(prenominal) rinted circuit boards containing discrete transistor components. ( underlying Processing Unit) deuce-ace Generation The development of co-ordinated circuits and their use in computers began in the mid(prenominal) 1960s. This shift in technology brought about the Third Generation of computers which were alacritous, more reliable, cheaper to operate and much smaller. Throughout the advances in computer technology and electronics the CPU continued to become faster and smaller. Fourth Generation In the primordial 1970s, Ted Hoff at Intel invented the first microprocessor.Essentially, this was the first time that a complete processing unit was contained within a single chip and it revolutionized the way computers were use and designed forever. This is where the Fourth Generation of computers was born. The Intel 4004 was a four bit device, careful 1/8 inch by 1/6 inch, and could execute 60,000 operations per second. (Dugger & Gerrish, 1994, p. 57 4) By 1972 Intel had come out with an 8-bit microprocessor, the Intel 8008, and within a year had give outed it with the Intel 8080 which could execute about 290,000 operations per second.In 1979, Motorola developed a 16-bit microprocessor. The Motorola 68000 was genuinely commonplace in the blossoming personal computer market. Around the analogous time Intel rolled out their 16-bit microprocessor the Intel 8086. While other companies tried to cope in the microprocessor market, it was generally Intel and Motorola who were in the race to built smaller and better processors with each other. By the mid 80s each had prepared 32-bit microprocessors. beyond According to Moores Law, at our rate of technological development, the complexity of an integrated circuit will double in about 24 months.By the proto(prenominal) 90s, 64-bit microprocessors entered the market. Each succeeding processor is smaller and lav capture data much faster. The 90 saw Intel introduce its first Pentium c hip and Motorola introduced their Power PC CPU. Throughout the 90s Intel improved on its Pentium technology releashing the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium MMX, and Pentium III. In the late 90s AMD introduced their Athlon CPU. The Athlon worked at 800 MHz. In 2000, both Intel and AMD released 1 GHz microprocessors in the Pentium 4 and Athlon CPU. By 2002, Intels Pentium 4 reaches 3. 06 GHz.By 2006, both Intel and AMD introduce dual-core processors. 64-bit processors have been around for use in mainframes and supercomputers, but now 64-bit processors are being made for personal computers. Present Todays main competitors for CPUs in microprocessors are Intel and AMD. Motorola sold off their semiconductor manufacturing section to become Freescale, and has basically bandy-legged out of the CPU race. CPUs of today are passing fast. The new Intel Core i7-980X Processor Extreme Edition released the beginning of 2010 has vi cores, 12 threads, a max turbo speed of 3. GHz , a 12 MB Smart C ache, and a clock speed of 3. 33 GHz. (Intel Processors,) The faster a CPU runs the more business office it consumes and the more waste modify it produces. (Sawyer, 2010, p. 206) For that reason, rather than increasing clock speed, Intel and AMD have pursued using multi-core technology, which employs additive CPU cores and runs them in parallel. Dual, Quad, and multi-core processors are very popular today in CPUs for computers, games and other technology that needs a CPU. Future 128-bit microprocessors are still being developed. Some experts predict that advances in microprocessor technology will produce a 50 GHz processor by 2010, the kind of power that will be required to support such function as true speech interfaces and real-time speech translation (Sawyer, p. 206) ClusterOnaChip (CoC) is a popular example of the future in CPU technology. Engineers are working on how to place thousands of more processors in a cluster on a single chip. IBM in collaboration with the Georgia I nstitute of Technology has created a prototype silicon-germanium hetero-junction bipolar transistor able to operate at a speed of 500 GHz at 4. degrees Kelvin. At room temperature, the transistor achieves a speed of 350 GHz. This demonstrates that speeds of half a trillion cycles per second can buoy be achieved in a commercial, silicon-based technology, using large wafers and low-cost, silicon-compatible manufacturing techniques, says John D. Cressler, Byers prof at Georgia Techs School of Electrical and electronic computer Engineering and a researcher at the Georgia Electronic jut Center at Georgia Tech. Our current technological knowledge is not good enough to produce the microprocessors and CPUs of the future.We are modified by our current materials and in need of innovation to jump leap out us towards even smaller and faster CPUs. One can only dream of the day when rather than having a bulky transistor made of silicon, we have processors that are scaled down to the size of an electron itself. Conclusion With Moores Law in mind, we can see that over the past decades we have certainly obeyed his law. From ENIAC to EDVAC, to transistors, to integrated circuits and single chip microprocessors, CPU technology has evolved and is still evolving to bring us the computers that e want and need. only advances into CPU technology will allow us to compute faster and realize scientific discoveries that can change our world for the better. Our thirst for rich space exploration could become a reality. Medical research will be simplified. The possibilities are endless. References (1983). Microcomputer Basics. In Microprocessors (pp. 2-2). Benton Harbor, MI Heath Company. Central Processing Unit. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. spiritus-temporis. com/central-processing-unit/history. html Dugger, W. E. , & Gerrish, H.H. (1994). Electronics Technology Devices and Circuits. South Holland, IL Goodheart-Wilcox Company, Inc. EDVAC. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www . spiritus-temporis. com/edvac/ Intel Processors. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. intel. com/products/processor_number/about. htm Munns, R. (n. d. ). First-Computer inclination finally nearing a conclusion. Retrieved from http//www. scl. ameslab. gov/abc/articles/first-computer. html Sawyer, W. (2010). Hardware The CPU & Storage. In Using Information Technology. New York, NY McGraw-Hill.