Metastatic Cancer: Types and Causes

Metastatic crabmeat Types and Ca habitsIntroductionCancer is something that m some(prenominal) people face or is affected by in some way. Cancer is a problem that is global and al shipway ontogeny affecting more(prenominal) people as the worlds people increases. The 2012 statistics show that were about 3.45 million new cases of pubic louse and 1.75 million deaths as a resultant portion of crabby person worldwide in the year 2012. The chief(prenominal) tidy sumcer put world summit contributing 464,000 cases Ferlay, Foucher, Tieulent, Et.al, 2013. Thanks to a better checking and better treatment of genus Cancer deal chemotherapy and keistercer based drugs, there has been a decrease in death from erectcer and so better survival rates for both males and females affect by substructurecer Jemal, Simard, Dorell, Et.al, 2012. The fact malignant neoplastic disease is so prevalent worldwide is cod to the umteen features and ways that cancer affects people. One of these fe atures is that some cancer mobile phones argon not static. The cancer carrels argon up to(p) to alter and change in order to form into another cancer that is in another rive of the system therefore affecting a different organ site. This index for cancer carrelphones to move or migrate to different separate of the corpse is know as Metastasis Yachida, Jones, Bozic, Et.al, 2010 Fokas, Cabillic, Et.al, 2007. The fact that cancer booths are able to migrate to other sites of the ashes is not just random. Where the cells migrate to, is dependent on where the cancer cells was originally was before the migration. What dictates where the cancer cells go, are specific stimuli or environment deep down the body so that the cells are able to climb up into tumors. The stimuli or environment may consist of specific receptors or chemokines that are shared or common amid the two sites Baruch, 2009. When cancer has metastasised to a different area the site that the cancer had orig inated in is known as the primary(a) cancer and the site at which the cancer cells moved to is known as metastatic cancer. A common final result of metastasis is from breast to hotshot, with breast being the primary cancer and brainpoweriac being the metastatic cancer. depreciator cancer is often found to metastase to the brain, the chances of this occurring are increased when patients have HER2 oer port Gupta, Adkins, Et.al, 2013. HER2 comes from the human epidermal harvest-festival factor receptor family that fancys retort such as cell evolution and cell differentiation, therefore it can be easily predicted that over side of HER2 leads to un moderatelable cell growth a feature that is in all cancers Rubin Yarden, 2001. The metastasises of cancer within patients does not affect them straight away, as it often takes years for the metastatic cancer to be detected and to affect the person. When the primary tumor has grown, only indeed will the tumour cells migrate and invade to another part of the body and grow at the site. When the tumour cells are at the new site then they the turn of cell growth occurs at the site. But it has been shown that the tumour cells at the new site have been dormant which accounts for the time surrounded by the detection of the primary cancer and the metastatic cancer Rcken, 2010. The way the metastatic cancer cells move from their primary site to their metastatic site can be many ways depending on ultimately were the tumour organization will be formed in. Examples of the fecal matter or migration are 1) local anesthetic tissue invasion which is movement of the tumour cells through the tissue, 2) hematogenous spread which is the movement through the blood 3) lymphatic spread which similar to the blood by uses the lymph nodes and finally 4) spreading through surfaces and cavities Pepper, 2001. in that respect are many sites of metastatasis, below is a succinct tabularise of the sites and where they originated f rom Nguyen, Bos, Massagu, 2009.Table 1 A legal brief summary list that shows the sites of metastasis from primary tumours Nguyen, Bos, Massagu, 2009.A metastatic cancer that is peculiarly important and of interest is metastatic cancer that is able to migrate to the brain. From the table above it can be seen that sites of metastasis for the brain is only in 3 types of tumours, these being breast, lung adenocarcinoma and skin melanoma. Out of these three types lung and breast tumours unremarkably metastases to the brain making up 60% of brain metastasises Nguyen, DeAngelis, 2004. The occasion wherefore brain metastasis is of particular interest is be build of how the metastatic cancer is able to depict through the blood brain roadblock (BBB). In order to understand the movement of the blood brain barrier it structure must archetypical be looked at. The blood brain barrier is made up of 4 main sections or parts that are of important to it voice. These 4 parts are 1) ridiculous junctions, 2) adherens junctions, 3) astrocytes, and 4) pericytes, each section has its own run for as well. The tight junctions are made up of claudin, occludin, and junction adhesion molecules these are transmembrane proteins which are involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. Adheren junctions are responsible for paracellular permeability. Astrocytes are for geomorphological supports and as well as for guiding of neurons and finally the pericytes are for mechanical support for cell attachment. Lawther, Kumar, Krovvidi, 2011 Hawkins, OKane, Simpson, Et.al 2006.Figure 1 Image showing the main parts of the BBB and the overall structure of the BBB. Image was extracted from Lawther, Kumar, Krovvidi, 2011.Now that the structure of the blood brain barrier can be seen more clearly, a better understanding of how metastatic brain tumours form and how the cells pass through the blood brain barrier. more specifically primary breast cancer that produces metastatic brain tumour can be looked at. The tumour cells that are being metastasised are able to express vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF). The manifestation of the vascular endothelial growth factor by the tumour cells is able to take apart the blood brain barriers permeability which allows the cells to pass through and into the brain Gerstner, Fine, 2007. another(prenominal) way to metastasise to the brain is by the tumour breast cells attaching or invading the brain microvascular endothelial cells and then passes through the blood brain barrier Arshad, Wang, Sy. Et.al, 2011. The survival rates of patients that have a metastatic brain tumour in unfortunately not very high. Those patients that have had primary breast cancer and then later gained a metastatic brain tumour have between 30-40% chance of death due to the metastatic brain tumour Wadasadawala, Gupta, Bagul, 2007 Jaboin, Ferraro, DeWees, Et.al, 2013. There are treatments available that help mesh against metastatic brain tumours the main one and mos t effective being radiotherapy. However the effectiveness of radiotherapy is dependent of where the tumour cells had originated from i.e. which primary cancer the patient had first. Those that had primary lung or breast cancer are more sensitive to the radiotherapy treatment. Other types of treatments intromit Craniotomy, Postoperative radiotherapy, and Stereotactic radiosurgery. The treatment that is craniotomy is not used often as it is stressful for the patients. Postoperative radiotherapy is also an effective treatment that improves the life of the person, however there are situation effects or conditions that can occur as well equivalent disorder of the nervous system or dementia. The final treatment declared is Stereotactic radiosurgery which involves using gamma radiation on the site of the tumour Shibui, 1999. With the use of radiation is the fear of persevering the nearby cells and tissues. With the advancement of science and engine room the treatment of using radiother apy has become better. The use of radiotherapy is button up the main treatment but with better radiotherapy offsetes and technique the delivery of the cells and tissue from radiation has greatly improved Owonikoko, Arbiser, Zelnak, Et.al, 2014.epithelialmesenchymal alteration (EMT)Epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) is defined as a biological process that occurs within polarised epithelial cells which interact with the basement membrane. The polarised epithelial cells undergo many biological changes that brings about a mesenchymal cell phenotype, these changes include an increased ability of migration, invasion and develop a resistance to the process of apoptosis Kalluri Weinberg, 2009. There are keys differences between the epithelial cells and the mesenchymal cells. Epithelial cells are cells that form layers, which are tightly packed by membrane structure such as tight junctions, gap junctions adherens junctions and desosomes. These cells do possess an ability of motility , however under habitual condition they remain they do not move. In comparison the mesenchymal cells are not organised into layers like epithelial cells. The main difference between the two is that mesenchymal cells are very motile whereas epithelial are not commonly Thiery Sleeman, 2006.The whole process of epithelialmesenchymal transition plays a affair in normal development. These normal developments include gastrulation which is an early phase in embryonic development and heart morpho agentsis which need and take advantage of the transition between the epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells. Another key role of the EMT is that it is for the down linguistic rule of E-cadherin Larue Bellacosa, 2005. E-cadherin is a tumour suppressor that is encoded by the Cadherin-1 (CDH1) ingredient that is key for the downsizing of carcinoma progression. It has been found and seen that the loss of the Cadherin-1 at EMT sites are linked to the formation, development of cancer. The reason for this is due to the fact that the loss of the E-cadherin increases the ability of invasion in cells Wang Shang, 2013.As with any biological process there are arrangement factors that fetch and regulate the transition. The transcription factors that mediate the processes are SNAI1 which down regulates E-cadherin, Zinc riff E-box (ZEB) and also basic helixloophelix transcription factors Lamouille, Xu, Derynck, 2014. There are features and properties of the mesenchymal cells that can be linked to cancer if not adjust properly. The mesenchymal cells are able to produce and secrete chemokines and growth factors that stimulate cell growth and angio componentsis. Another key feature of the mesenchymal cells is that they have anti apoptotic properties that can stop or save cells from undergoing apoptosis Murphy, Moncivais, Caplan, 2013. Just from seeing the features of the mesenchymal cells it can easily be seen that if the regulation of the process, variance or changes in lookin g at occur the consequences can be predicted and linked to the formation of cancer. The final manifestation of epithelialmesenchymal transition is how it is linked to the formation of cancer and more specifically metastatic cancers. As stated epithelialmesenchymal transition is regulated by many growth factors and proteins such as Epidermal growth factor, Hepatocyte growth factor and Transforming growth factor beta, all of which if changed by mutation or expression can ultimately contribute to the hallmarks of metastatic cancer like uncontrollable cell growth and invasion into other tissues and organs in the body which is the main feature of metastatic cancer Gos, Mioszewska, Przybyszewska, 2009. on a lower floor is a diagram that summarises and shows the process of how epithelialmesenchymal transition can labor the formation of metastatic cancer Kongemail, Liemail, Wangemail, Et.al, 2011.Figure 2 A summary of how epithelialmesenchymal transition can be linked to metastatic cancer . EMT is the process of epithelialmesenchymal transition and MET is the process of MesenchymalEpithelial Transition. Image taken from Kongemail, Liemail, Wangemail, Et.al, 2011.The moving picture above shows the transition of a primary tumour into a metastatic tumour and reason for this to happen. Red arrows show aspects that may be departed wrong due mutation or change in expression through methylation.EpigeneticsEpigenetics is the genetic control by using factors that does not include a persons deoxyribonucleic acid sequence Simmons, 2008. Epigenetic control or regulation is the process whereby genes are activated or deactivated within a cell Mitsuyoshi Nakao, 2001. Essentially the concept of epigenetics is the change in gene expression that can be caused by certain mechanisms such as desoxyribonucleic acid Methylation or Histone modification. These changes in gene expression whereby expression of a gene is switched on or off can be inherited and passed on. The mood of epigene tics and its mechanism is needed for maintenance of genes that are specific to tissues. Changes in the process of epigenetics, like desoxyribonucleic acid Methylation or Histone modification causes disruptions in a genes function, which alters its expression and is one of the hallmarks of how cancer begins Sharma, Kelly, Jones, 2010. As stated there two ways that can causes changes, histone modification and DNA methylation which will be the main contract of this paper. The process of histone modification to a certan extent is reversible depending on the type of modification. The process of DNA methylation is more long term creating long-term repression Cedar Bergman, 2009. DNA methylation is the common mechanism in which genes are activated or deactivated by the addition of a methyl group to cytosine or axerophthol bases, making it an epigenetic signal tool. Changes in the process of DNA methylation can result in a gene being constantly activated or deactivated which can lead to brain tumours or other tumours in the body Phillips, 2008. The process of DNA methylation is catalysed by the family of enzymes known as DNA methyltransferases. DNA methyltransferases is an important enzyme in epigenetic silencing of transcription. As this is a family of enzyme there are many types of DNA methyltransferases which are DNMT 1, DNMT 2, and DNMT 3 each one having their own function Simmons, 2008 Fakhr, Hagh, 2013. There are two types of DNA methylation these are 1) Hypermethylation and 2) Hypomethylation. Hypermethylation stops transcription in the champion expanse of suppressor genes which ultimately lead to gene silencing Das Singal, 2004. The location at which hypermethylation occurs at are known as CpG sites, these are sites were cytosine is next to guanine. It is the cytosine in these CpG sites that are usually methylated and therefore switched off Esteller, 2002. Hypomethylation is the loss of methylation at partings or sites that are normally heavily methylat ed, for example satellites like sit 2. The loss of the methylation at SAT 2 can lead to instability and oncogene activation (Jin, Li Robertson, 2011). Oncogenes when activated increases protein expression which in turn leads to increase in cell division, decreases in cell differentiation and the inhibition of cell death Chial, 2008. It is the mutation of a proto-oncogene by hypomethylation that makes an oncogene which is the cause of increase in cell division and therefore the cause of an abnormal growth of cells that leads to tumours and cancer. A proto-oncogene is the normal, non-mutated gene that regulates cell division making it controllable by balancing cell growth and death. There many types of proto-oncogenes these include WNT, RAS and ERK Chial, 2008 Torry, Cooper, 1991. To summarise the image of Epigenetics is the control of gene expression using DNA methylation or Histone modification. If any of these two processes are damaged or mutated this then means the control of ge ne expression can no long be controlled and so this leads to increase in cell growth and therefore tumours and cancer.Methylation of Promoter domainThe DNA methylation of the operator region within genes is as stated an epigenetic event that is linked to transcriptional silencing in cancer. This means that DNA methylation in this region is for the control of gene expression Yang Park, 2012. The promoter region of gene is a region that starts or causes the initiation of transcription Gordon, Chervonenkis, Gammerman, 2003. The process of methylation in the promoter region causes the expression of genes to reduce or in the in case of cancers cause the silencing of the gene altogether. There are two ways that this happens in the promoter region. One of the ways it can occur is the inhibition of sequence-specific transcription factors which post CpG sites. The second way is by the use of methyl-CpG binding proteins which can fight for binding sites of methylated DNA Robertson Jones , 2000. E-cadherin was introduced to have a key role in epithelialmesenchymal transition. If there is methylation more specifically hypermethylation in the promoter region of the E-cadherin then this can cause the silencing of the gene which has been linked to many types of gastric cancer also known as stomach cancer Tamura, Yin, Wang, 2000. Another gene that is important and methylation of it has been shown and linked to astrocytic brain tumour is the Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferases function is as a repair protein that can get hold of promutagenic alkyl groups guanine in DNA. DNA methylation in the CpG Island of the Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase means that its function in order to remove promutagenic alkyl groups is decreased Nakamura, Watanabe, Yonekawa, Et.al, 2001.

Change during the introduction of new system to control attendance

permute during the number 1 appearance of new dodge to control attendanceThe control of module attendance has been a puzzle for Co-operative intellectual nourishment, a UK sell ecesis, and it has been smell to improve its governing bodys to monitor attendance of its employees. Co-operative Food wants to bring effectiveness in their work, e.g. through procedures and governances, for actively delivering their services to the consumers. That is why it is ensuring that they be efficient luxuriant to do that. In order to beget after this, Co-operative emphasises on succession watchfulness of its provide by bringing in a new body for the control of staff attendance.In the UK retail sector, Co-operative is one of the pioneers to introduce such a new generation strategy for control of staff attendance as comp ard to some other big supermarkets homogeneous Asda, Tesco, Sainsburys and Morrisons. More specific all(prenominal)y, Co-operative has introduced a biometric o rganization which became operative in 2010, and requiring Co-operative staff to adviseicle their finger at identification points to get verified.The new attendance record transcription is a technological lurch to monitor employees attendance, when they start and hold on their shift, by giving their finger print. If an employee leaves the premises of the fibreicipation he signs reveal and then sign in again when he returns to the premises. This carcass has benefited the company to control its wastage of time and labour cost.Originally, an older system was organism operated at Co-operative Food till cardinal years ago by sign manually the attendance register. This register was usually placed near the managers self-confidence and the employees had to sign in and go forth in front and at the end of their shift. This system was seen as a failure as employees gave little brilliance to this system. For example, they got give even if they missed to sign in by requesting th e manager at the next day that they forgot to sign in.This manual system was replaced in 2008 by a swipe card system to monitor staff attendance, which in comparable manner had some drawbacks. In the swipe card system mortal else, other than the employee, could also swipe it for him/her, without the knowledge of the supervisor.This is an important issue beca purpose such a channelize affects employees to a great consequence if it is not planned and utilise properly. For example, due to the frustration employees could abuse the system by taking long tea or lunch breaks. Or they might waste companys time to do unnecessary activities e.g. they could go up in the croupteen and pattern at that place hiding without the knowledge of the managers or supervisors. Or if they bring forthnt buy outed the inter replace their means of work could be slackened, which provide affect the performance of the institution.It impart be studied in the dissertation how this pitch has affec ted employees placement towards their make-up. The question testament look into employees perceptions of this alter. Do they life a sniff out of distrust from the organisation being monitored in a counselling that they consecrate to give the finger prints to get recognized by the system or be they happier than before due to this innovation?1.2 Research begetThis remove depart focus on the effectiveness of smorgasbord management practices and procedures in the organisation and allow find out how these have helped in muted slaying of this system.This question pass on help to escort how new staff management system was implemented in the Co-operative organisation, and if any issues deal dissatisf action at law or behavioural problems among employees have occurred and how these issues were pottyt with.1.3 Objectives1 To find out at what extent has Co-operative achieved the objectives planned with the introduction of a biometric staff attendance system.2 To break wha t issues evolved among employees.3 To field of force the effectiveness of the implemented deviate.1.4 Research QuestionsWhat are the issues that a new staff attendance system brings in the organisation?How jakes ex swop management procedures have it off with those issues?To what extent has Co-operative achieved the objectives planned with the introduction of a biometric staff attendanceChapter 2. Literature ReviewThis chapter get out review books most ex variety management procedures and implementation issues.2.1 New technology and the related issuesThere is a major issue of merciful resistance affiliated to the introduction of new system. Gregson(1994, p. 23) gives an example of the introduction of new technologies and the human imaging issues related to the implementation service. He depicts that when automatic teller machines (ATM) were launched in banks, it gave Brobdingnagian benefits to customers barely at the same time the bank employees were discouraged by thi s new technology and its usage by the staff posed a threat to their job by this new technology.2.2 Resistance to ChangeSkarlicki (1999, p. 36) has delimit resistance to variety as, employee behaviour that seeks to challenge, disrupt, or invert prevailing assumptions, discourses, and place relations.Deloitte and Touche has carried out a take up of 400 companies nigh the resistance to diverge which is cited by Prochaska (2001). They found out that resistance to neuter causes the trade routine to fail or not completing.Hauschildt (1999) carried out a sketch of 151 companies in Germany which concludes that the resistance or opposition to innovation in these companies benefitted the organisations. This benefit includes the unfavorable judgment of the new system by pointing out the defects of the system which is a representation forward for organisations to improve it. Employees by pointing out defects in the new system get more needd in the organisations.Proctor and Doukaki s (2002, p. 268) point out that resistance to a motley could be because employees venerate the new substitute will station their job safety at risk, or they fear of unkn experience, or it might be the lack of information and knowledge slightly the gains attached to this change.Another example of innovation in organisations and its effects is the Bemmels and Reshef orbit in 1991 which is cited by Zwick (2002). Bemels and Reshef studied 206 Canadian companies which introduced innovation over a specific period, and found out that the employees generally accepted and supported the innovations, but it was resisted from personnel just because of the presence of Union and the technological advancement clauses in the employees contract.Another main concern of employees regarding innovations in organisation is that it could orchestrate to the drop-off in staff. Effective innovations could cut down the staff in the organisations.2.3 Biometric systemA biometric system is an automatic system which requires the physical characteristics of a drug user to recognise him/her. These physical characteristics could be finger prints, hand prints, facial expressions or iris pattern of eyes. According to Braghin (1998), the biometric system performs authentication figure out in two different stages.1 Enrolling stageIn this stage a specific biometrics characteristics is given to the system data base which could be located centrally or distributed. The scanning of the biometrics is performed, and then the system creates a digital representation called template, which is then recorded into the data base. This process is performed only once.2 Identification stageIn this stage the system scans the biometric characteristics and then creates an optimized digital representation, which it then matches to the template to identify the person.Biometric system is a new technology which also brings issues that are linked to this system.Braghin (1998) depicts that a biometric system is not levelheaded at handling problems. If someones template is stolen, the system move provide any help for that. These are the characteristics of a person which is not easy to get back if lost and biometric system is not accommodating in order to deal with the problem. It is not like a word which you can change. So it means if you lose it, you lose it forever.Advantages of biometricsOGorman (2003, p. 2037) highlights the advantage of the biometric as, the details are hard to get stolen of a user apply the system as compared to other authentication system, like ATM. The token system which stores the identity of a user should also be a utilise by a user as a second cream to make it more secure against stealing and thefts of the details.2.4 Change ManagementKotter and Schlesinger (2008, p. 4) have explained how to diagnose resistance (2008, p. 4) cause by the change. They point out that every change brings some human resistance to the change process. In order to deal with the r esistance it is important to find out to the highest degree the causes of dominance resistance. By analysing the situation managers can come across the factors of resistance when the change is being introduced.1 Parochial self interestPeople can be resistant to change because they feel less concerned just about(predicate) the organisation and see their interests coming number 1 before the interest of the organisation.2 be amiss and lack of trustMisunderstanding can develop among employees if they dont understand the implications of the change. Or if they perceive it wrongly. It is essential for change to be effective that all employees understand the change process and its implications, and for managers or change brokers to interact with employees to clear potency misunderstandings.3 Different assessmentEmployees could assess the change differently than the change agent or managers due to lack of information. Because both the employees and the change agent think that the inf ormation that they have is set and they assume about all(prenominal) other of having the same information. So it is very important that both the change agent and employees have up to date information because otherwise this could lead to resistance.4 Low ToleranceSometimes it is very hard for state to give up their old habits or working style which they are used to. For example, if the implemented change requires some new skill and behaviours and employees are not catching up with those behaviours or skills it would be problematic.5 doddery beliefsPeople are reluctant to change because they dont want to be imbalanced in their daily routine.For example an employee working 9 am to 5 pm shift, who is needful to change shift from 3 pm to 11 pm two days a week will be resisting because it will disturb his/her daily routine.Kotter and Schlesinger (2008, p. 6) have suggested several itinerarys of how to deal with resistance when it emerges as a reaction to change.1 Communication comm unication about the desired change could really be helpful as it will make employees to embrace the change. Communication both with individuals and to a pigeonholing is very essential as employees want to know about activities in the organisation. If the employees are put in dark about their organisation they feel a sense of ignorance. all told sources like sound or characterization can be used to communicate.2 SupportOrganisations can twisting training about new skills or support to the employees where the managers find the employees are struggling to have the best resistance. This training can be in the organisation or out of the organisation as well.3 InvolvementEmployees engagement in designing and implementation of the change process is another instruction to s aggrandizement resisting powers being emerged. Involvement of employees will make employees feel that they are a value to the organisation.4 NegotiationNegotiation is a right smart to offer benefits to resistors to accept the change. Its a process of luring the employees who are resisting. For example negotiations could involve dealings with unions as offering them pay rise in the blank space of word meaning of change. Negotiations are an expensive way of dealing with resistance as the change initiator has to give something to resistors for the acceptance of the change. The disadvantage of the negotiations is that people who take part in the negotiation process could use it as blackmailing.5 Manipulation or Co-optationThis process is also called Co-optation, when employees who are potential resistors are given an attractive role of their choice to involve them in the change process. This is not considered as participation of employees because the employee who is co-opted, his/her advice doesnt mean much to the change initiators.6 CoercionHere the employees dont have many choices as if they dont accept the change they are threatened or warned of taking disciplinary action against them or being fired or by stopping their promotion. In this way they would worry about their job security and would show the acceptance of the new changed system.Caluwe and Vermaak (1994, p. 49) explain that the change process is a step by step process of learning. It cant be enforced on someone as it takes time and learning cant be enforced.According to Bovey and Hede (2001) change in an organisation is often implemented in a way that the whole process of planning and implementation takes all the time and the human factor who will be dealing with this change after implementation is ignored. They argued that the consideration of a new system and its rationalization for the company gets importance leaving behind the people who will be affected by this new system.Aladwani (2001, p. 268) gives a equation of marketing and implementing an information system establish change. He holds the view that both marketing and implementing change in the organization are change processes and reflect the ex change process between two parties. Therefore, as the marketing policies and procedures are developed and communicated, organizations should communicate with their employees for the required results and to overcome the resistance to change. In marketing these communications are between marketer and buyer, while in an organisation it should be between employer (the person who is brining the change) and the employees who are getting affected by this change.The above literature has discussed about introduction of staff attendance measurement in organisations and related issues, biometric system and related human-resource issues, and finally change management.Kotters(1996)Change management shapeCreate sense of unavoidablenessCreate a guiding unionDevelop a tidy sum and strategyCommunicate the vision for changeEmpower broad-based action leave short-term winsConsolidate gains and produce changeAnchor new firees lineage Kotter 1996Kotters model (1996) is the 8 phase change management model which deals with the change through a systematic way. It takes the top down attack from creating a sense of urgency to anchoring change in the culture. It produces good results by dealing with the resistance issues caused by the change. Kotters model deals with the resistance in the best way for smooth implementation of change.Although this model has met with a lot of criticism as in its step 5 encourages risk taking and not traditional ideas and activities, and change in the structure of organization but Kotter explains that it is the essential part of the organizational change. As he explains that the structure which undermines the change vision by becoming a hurdle needs to be rid off.Kotters model is focused on communicating the vision to employees and provides good guidance. I like to use Kotters model for my research because it is a systematic method, a top down approach and is more effective than other models. It deals with the issues of resistance properly.Chapter 3. conceptual FrameworkThe literature review in Chapter 2 is a overcritical activity resulting in a conceptual framework.This research will use the change model of Kotter (1996) as a conceptual model. It is assumed that the eighter phases proposed by Kotter are a useful model to compare the change at the lineament company. The following table shows in an exemplary way how the phases of change at the Co-Operative can be mapped on Kotters eight phases.Phases of Change at the Co-Operative1234561. Create sense of urgency2. Create a guiding coalition3. Develop a vision and strategy4. Communicate the vision for change5. Empower broad-based action6. Generate short-term wins7. Consolidate gains and produce change8. Anchor new approachesTable 1 Mapping Change at the Co-Operative on Kotters Leadership StepsSource Kotter 1996Each of the eight phases has its own dynamics and challenges. For example, in the first phase, organisations need to look at the belligerent market, trends are tradition s which need to be updated, profit margins to start the change process, if enough urgency is not established there is a risk of process to fail.The 2nd phase is appointing a team to carry out the change process together energetically. Then comes the 3rd phase which is about the increase of proper vision and strategy to implement the change. It is about, where would the change lead to and how.The quaternary phase is about communication of the vision to all employees by interaction. The fifth phase is to remove barriers which are obstructing the process of change. The 6th phase is about bringing more improvement in the performance, and rewarding the employees who maintain the required standards. The 7th phase is about producing more change by promoting the employees or hiring new one to carry out the change process with more determination and persistence and the final one is about to make the change permanently stick to the organisation.These phases will be tested to analyse the chan ge process which Co-operative food has carried out by comparing the eight phases of Kotters model. Kotter (2007, p, 99). All the phases of the model from establishing a sense of urgency, Kotter 2007, p,97) to anchoring change in the culture (2007, p,103) will be compared to find out, have they been taken into the account for successful change at the episode resume company.Chapter 4. Research DesignA deductive eccentric person study approach will be applied for this research. This case study is deductive because it uses existing concepts in the field of change management and scheme about resistance caused by the introduction of new staff attendance control system.moreover a qualitative case study will help to attain insights and detailed viewpoints of the employees and managers.Yin (2003) suggests using a case study approach when How and why questions are being addressed and it tells about what could be extracted from a single situation. According to Bryman (2001) case study appr oach is used for in depth findings and to associate it with the theory. A case study approach is suitable for the interpretation of this subject because it will investigate the change management processes in the organisation by the help of existing theory of Kotters model in the case study organisation.Qualitative approachI intend to use a deductive qualitative approach for this case study.Bryman (2001) highlights the characteristics of the qualitative approach as dealing with issues by exploring them, e.g. through look for questions to understand the phenomenon.Kaplan and Maxwell (1994) give a briefing of qualitative approach that it is the study of a particular situation by exploring peoples attitude in which they react by means of interviewing, observing or documenting rather than by a data of numbers.As this research is about the perception of employees about this change, the philosophy that will be used in this research will be constructivist.This philosophy has been selected because I intend to test the Kotters model of change management in Co-operative case study.Chapter 5. methodological analysisFor this research, the following case study organisation was chosen the Hackney Branch, London, of the Co-Operative Food unit of Co-operative Group Limited, Manchester/UK. Furthermore employees and managers are accessible for interviews that are essential for accomplishment of the study.Data will be collected with the help of semi structured interviews by glandular fever method. Semi structured interviews are flexible in approach, and are good in finding the insights of peoples. An understanding will be developed in the perspective of employees natural settings, about perceiving change in the organization by employees, their behaviour towards this change, and their thinking about change management practices in the organisation to minimize the effect of this change.I have talked already with the local leg managers, and they have told about their interest to t ake part in this research. An ex officio letter will be written to the case company when the research starts, e.g. in kinfolk 2010.The interviews will be conducted after the work is designate or the proposal for the research is accepted in the Hackney break up of Co-operative food.Interviews will be conducted by asking all type of questions like open question, Probing or specific questions, closed questions to cover all the aspects of the aim and objectives of the research. Employees will be asked about their point of view about change, their participation, experience and effects of the change on them. Moreover a comparison to Kotters change model will be developed by looking into eight phases of the model.Pattern twin(a) technique will be used to analyse the data. Because I am using Kotters conceptual framework for this research, I will test the adequacy of the Kotters framework to reveal the findings. Pattern matching is the method which involves two variations, depending on the dependent and independent variables.In the first variation we relate the proposition from the relative literature to the results of data charm and analysis. If it matches to the predictions then we confirm the theory. At this moment the researcher has no pre define variables, but when the work is assigned. If one or more outcomes that have not been predicted by the explanation, there is a need to seek an alternative one. (Yin, 2003)In the second variation the variables are independent of each other. Here we put forward a number of alternative explanations to explain the pattern of outcomes that we lodge to find. When the predicted explanation matches with the pattern of outcomes it provides evidence that it is indeed an explanation of the findings.The method will be chosen when the work is assigned after the acceptance of proposal.5.1 LimitationsThis research will set its limits by contacting Co-operative Food employees in the case study organisation, Co-operative Food which is a supermarket or a retail industry in the Hackney branch London. The employees contacted will belong to the Co-operative. Therefore the findings of this research can not be generalised outside the case study organisation.5.2 moralityThe ethical issues involved in this research could be the fear of employees about their names being used in this research. If the employees dont understand the purpose and aim of the research, it is also an ethical issue. Employees could also have discomfort or tenor in attend toing the questions.Employees will be provided the information about the purpose of this research, and its aims, and the issue of anonymity that that their names will be kept anon. if they wish. The data collected will be used by the accept of the employees. I will inform the employees by speaking to them about their right to withdraw from the interviews and also about withdrawing their permission to use this data before I finish the interview.The collected data will be anal ysed by the researcher and the dissertation will be submitted by honest means.5.3 ResourcesThe resources that will be used to conduct semi structured interviews are audio and video equipment. Before conducting the interviews I will get the consent of employees. Should there be any rejections about being recorded, then I will make notes of the interviews.5.4 TranscriptionI will document the interviews in school text processing files with interview numbers, like 01ME,and 02FE, and so on, where 01 represents 1st interview and M is for male, F is for female and E is for employee. RQ1, and RQ2 will be used for myself representing the first and second of the researchers questions and MEA1 or FEA 2 would be used for male employee answer 1 and female employee answer 2 respectively.6 Appendix6.1 quantify TableGantt chart for a research projectActivitySeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanuaryweek number12345678910111213141516171819Review LiteratureMeeting with supervisorRead Methodology Liter atureData CollectionAnalysing dataEnter data in computerUpdate literature readingComplete the remaining partSubmit to supervisorRevise the workHolidaysPrint, bindSubmit

The Holiness Of God The Fundamental Attribute Religion Essay

The chasteneousness Of immortal The Fundamental Attri onlye Religion Es registerThe attempt to evaluate matinee idol so that sympathy can grip the vastness of His personality is indeed a formidable beneathtaking. Often cadences, theologians speak of the proportions of graven anatomy as those qualities of theologys spirit that He has chosen to reveal of Himself to hu adult maleity, either by means of natural shaper drinkation, or with specific revelation. When we speak of the attri besideses of idol, we ar referring to those qualities of graven image which constitute what he is. They atomic number 18 the genuinely characteristics of his nature.1Typic every last(predicate)y, gods attributes are grouped into two classifications. In an labor to explain graven image according to news, theologians piddle distinguished amongst his exclusive attributes that be broad to him entirely, and immortals shared attributes, which he bestows upon us to a lesser acad emic degree than he possesses them.2First are those attributes of matinee idol which are rightful(a) of Him al wizardness. This find out of attributes is known as the incommunicable attributes, which refers simply to those characteristics of God that can non be shared by any(prenominal) unity former(a) than God by virtue of His miraculous nature, He al matchless exemplifies these qualities. The second mold is known as Gods communicable attributes. These characteristics are those that God shares in almost capacity with His creation specific on the wholey with hu patchity as a part of His creation. Gods clean-livingity falls into both classifications first as an incommunicable attribute, religion is elemental to Gods nature, and second, as a communicable attribute, pietism is come up to a right sheath of, and interaction with, God as antecedent on the part of the created. This work will demonstrate the vastness of religion in both manners of qualification, in such( prenominal) a sort as to highlight its ingrained characteristics to the nature of God, and to the nature of His interaction with His creation, as well as the reciprocal blood between the creature and Creator.Erickson says of the attributes of God, at that stick are two basic conniptions to Gods theology. The first is his uniqueness. He is totally give from all of creation. . . . The another(prenominal) aspect of Gods sanctitude is his unattackable purity or superbness. This means that he is untouched and unstained by the evil in the world. He does non in any sense participate in it.3Regarding devotion in particular, as a divine attribute Erickson in any case says, The attributes are permanent and intrinsic qualities, which cannot be gained or lost. Thus, sanctitude is not in this sense an attribute (a permanent, inseparable characteristic) of Adam, but it is of God. Gods attributes are inwrought and inherent dimensions of his very nature.4This hard-hittingion betwe en Adam on the unrivalled hand, and God on the other, in relation to righteousness is shared by other communicable attributes, but perhaps no greater dis club exists between mans energy to share in Gods attributes anywhere than at this point. For example, humankind may demonstrate few limited measure of love, or lenity on his own, perditionce unbelieving men may demonstration these characteristics under the right circumstances albeit in pitiful fashion. However, under no circumstance thinkable is mankind capable of demonstrating make up the almost miniscule amount of holiness, aside from God imparting it to him as a shared attribute.With assess to any of the attributes of God, it must be stated that we know all that we know of God by virtue of His acts of revelation those things that He has chosen to tell us of Himself. We learn much of what we know about God, from the multiplicity of references within news concerning His differentiate, and how He reveals it, as we ll as how He expects it to be revered. We may come across that the Lords very frame is set aside place place, not salutary the places and things associated with him. Bless the LORD, O my soul and all that is within me, bless His consecrated name. (Ps 1031).5Gods revelation to Moses at Mt. Sinai is indicative of Gods desire to make Himself known. He says, I AM WHO I AM (Ex. 314). This revelation of his name is as well as a revelation of his nature.6Along this same ruling line,Edmond Jacob points out that the name is synonymous with Yahweh. So thename always expresses the essential nature of a macrocosm, manifests the totality of thedivine carriage. Since name, in fact, does refer to the essence of Gods being, thenholiness seems to be most characteristic of his nature. In Jacobs words, the relationbetween holiness and the name reveals the indistinguishability of holiness with deity. Given thefact that repute is one of the manifestations of holiness (Is. 63), it may be that til now thereferences to his splendiferous name are sincerely and an alternate rendering of the holyname.7Scripture itself attests to the high tension placed by God upon His name. In the Old Testament merely, in that respect are five references to a brilliant name and four references to a great name of God, but all the others (23) refer to Gods holy name.8Since his name is so immediately bound up with his nature, the connection of holiness with the name is very significant. It seems to indicate that the holiness is the most all important(predicate) thing Israel indispensable to know about this sensation who was revealing himself to them.9Indeed, Gods holiness is of imperious importance in His revelation to Israel because it distinguishes Him uncompromisingly from the pagan gods sur rounding Israel at that time. It is important besides to remember that part of Gods holiness is his separation and transcendency. God was establishing Himself with the children of Israel as different and superior to the pagan gods simultaneously finished and through the understanding of His holiness. Gods holiness also serves to encourage His hatful to take up His ways, and to be resembling He is. The command to be holy as God is holy (1 Pet. 116), is more(prenominal) than adept an admonition to try to be good people. It is a command for His people to be set apart from scoria as God is set apart from it.Moving in thinking, from Gods revelation regarding His name, in that respect are several key factors worthy of consideration with respect to holiness as it is primaeval to Gods nature. In the prophet Isaiahs vision (Isa. 63), it is interesting to note that while Isaiah sees God as the s overeign King, his description of his essential being is not in terms of sovereignty, or rase righteousness, mercy or love. Rather it is the holiness of God that stands at the very centerfield of his nature.10 theology it seems, as a part of Gods being, is the driving throw behind the gross(a)ion of all the other attributes of God. In fact, Gustaf Aulen, in his assent of the christian Church, expresses his conviction that holiness is the foundation on which the all cosmos of God rests.11It is seen as the basic or fundamental attribute because there is no standard for God He Himself is the standard of holiness. God is under no law of holiness He Himself is the law of holiness.12Gods nature is supremely perfect a perfection driven by His holiness, as to be without comparison. God utterly could not be God if it were not for this supreme perfection, which is His alone. Anything less than absolute perfection, and undeniable holiness in Him would denote some fundamental flaw, which, even on the smallest scale, would preclude His being God. The underlying thought of holiness is being separate from all thats impure. This is the divine perfection by which God is absolutely distinct from all creatures and exalted above them in infinite majesty. God is dis tinct from His creation in that He is set apart from creation by virtue of His purity. piety is fundamental because in a sense all of Gods other attributes rest on this one attribute of perfection. Gods level of perfection in all His attributes must sport their basis in the level of perfection that stems from His holiness. From this point, we see that His holiness is fundamental to all of his attributes. Equally as important, humanitys right understanding of God is predicated upon the absolute perfection of His holy nature. Gods holiness His very essence, as communicated to His creatures, is a derivative of absolute perfection. thither is an emphasis given to this attribute above all the other attributes. There are certain attributes we prefer, because of personal benefit derived from them. We enjoy Gods love, mercy, and grace in the beginning His justice, wrath, and anger. But in the Bible, the holiness of God has note of hand over all the others.13It is from this standpoint that we describe the holiness of God as being transcendent or above all the other attributes. This transcendency establishes holiness as a foundational attribute. Coppedge depicts how holiness, as a transcendent and foundational attribute, relates to other traditional characteristics below14It is the transcendence of Gods holiness that establishes it as the foundational attribute of God. galore(postnominal) see holiness as the foremost attribute of all because holiness pervades all the other attributes of God and is consistent wil all He is and does.15Having schematic the primacy of holiness as an attribute of God, attention may now be turned to the implications of this basic attribute as it is inherent in God before it may be imparted to man. First, in thinking about holiness as an incommunicable attribute, there are several concepts that one must grasp to rightly understand who God is, and how the nature of His being affects His creation. Theologians may say that Gods holiness is incommunicable because there is a level of perfection in His holiness that may not rightly be ascribed to any part of the creation. hegira 511 says with wonder, Who is like You, O LORD, among the gods? Who is like You, glorious in holiness, Fearful in appraises, doing wonders? Gods holiness has a gloriously incomparable aspect to it, which is its incommunicable chemical element. Gods holiness also has an eternal aspect to it. John said, in commenting on the activities surrounding Gods throne . . . each(prenominal) of the four living creatures . . . never hang-up saying, Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to come16(Rev. 48). Holiness resides in God to the extent that it cannot be imparted to humanity in the same way. Isaiah also records the cry of the seraphim, as they say Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of hosts the whole priming coat is full of His glory (Is. 63). In Isaiahs mind, the earth is full of Gods glory as an implied result of His holin ess. There can be only one Being who is absolutely perfect holy Further, if perfection is thought of as moral perfection, then absolute perfection implies holiness as well. God is absolutely perfect, and what is absolutely perfect is set apart from all else. then God is holy He is perfect in and of Himself17J.L. Dagg says, God is immaculately holy. Goodness, faithfulness and justice, are moral attributes of God. Holiness is not an attribute distinct from these but a name which includes them all It implies the perfection of the assemblage the absence of everything in it contrary to either of the properties included.18This immaculate holiness is an element of Gods transcendence in that His holiness, a holiness of absolute, undeniable perfection, sets Him apart from all else God alone possesses holiness to this degree. While man may aspire to some level of holiness, holiness as depicted in Scripture belongs to God alone. Holiness of this degree is fundamental since only God posses ses holiness to this level, it emanates from Him to His creatures through revelation and experience. It does so because God wills it to be this way. Because His holiness emanates from Him to humanity, mankind is drawn to God in a way that would be unacceptable without such emanation. Isaiah demonstrated this experience when in Gods presence he exclaimed, excruciation is me, for I am un make Because I am a man of pestiferous lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of sordid lips for my eyes swallow seen the King, The LORD of hosts. (Isa. 65). It is this perfection that allows humanity to revel in, and marvel at, Gods holiness. That He is perfectly holy is an assurance to His creation of the perfection of His other attributes. Gods holiness is the divine perfection by which God is absolutely distinct from all creatures and exalted above them in infinite majesty.19A similar thought concerning Gods holiness as an incommunicable characteristic of His nature is one that some have called His majesty-holiness . . . this aspect of Gods holiness is the one less thought of, and it actually concedes greater affinity to infinity, Aseity, and unitynon-moral divine attributes.20God has majesty as the King of kings, and Lord of lords because of His holiness.When the Creators holiness has been physically manifested to His creation, it has a brilliant effect. In Isaiahs vision from chapter six, he notes that the seraphim had to cover their faces to remain in Gods presence, (Isa. 62ff.) Isaiahs accounting system of the seraphim brings to mind other encounters with Gods glory that have similar effects on the beholder, such as Moses reaction to Gods presence at the burning chaparral (Ex. 31-6), the Israelites reaction to Moses as he descends the mountain after having been in Gods presence (Ex. 3429-35), and the disciples reaction at the Mount of Transfiguration (Matt. 171-8). Many times, Gods holiness is likened to a consuming fire In each example, the glory of God was such that it caused the beholder to fall before God in fear. This brilliant glory, which is the visible manifestation of Gods holiness, is so powerful that it elicits weighed down responses from His creation in every case.Through the incarnation, God has not only invited mankind to participate in His holiness, He has demonstrated that it can be done, and how it should be done. By his sacrificial death on the Cross, Jesus Christ enables us, by the power of the Holy Spirit, to share in the holiness that he embodies and accomplishes for us. Jesus said, Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God (Matt. 58), indicating that the heart condition is a key component to mankinds ability to commune with the Father. It is precisely this purity of heart, which is the result of mimicking Gods purity that is pleasing to God. in all too often, the idea of attaining holiness is discounted, or neglected altogether, as if it is ungetatable. The antagonist desires that we have this defe atist attitude. However, Mark Driscoll states with regard to communicable holiness that we reflect God when we hate sin and love holiness by repenting of our sin and fighting against sin in the world.21Certainly, it would be inaccurate to suggest that perfect holiness is within the grasp of humanity however, since God has commanded mankind to be holy (1 Pet. 116), one must assume that it is attainable through repentance, at least in some acceptable degree, within the confines of this life. Humans have the ability to exhibit limited holiness, yet it is not an attribute which is innate or one which emanates from their being. In fact, a return of accounts throughout Scripture indicate that when man encounters Gods holiness it has had a good impact.Holiness is also seen as communicable, in that God does share His holiness with humanity in some senses. The idea that God shares His attributes with humanity in any sense is an indication of His desire to have an interactive kin with Hi s creation mankind in particular. It is a reflection of His character that He desires such an interaction in no sense does God look at this interaction, but Scripture is clear that He desires it and goes to great lengths to make it possible. As a result of Gods activity in making His being known, and providing a means of interaction, it is right that He alone is the object of mans worship. While Gods holiness is essential, mans holiness is derived from His nature. In some ways, we are like God. At our best, we have qualities or attributes that dimly reflect Gods.22It is this dim reflection that characterizes mankinds existence for now. One is reminded of Pauls discourse in the great love chapter of Corinthians, wherein he says For now we see in a mirror, dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall know just as I also am known (1 Cor. 1312-13). It is this prognostication of seeing and knowing that encourages Paul as well as the worshiper today. One day, we wi ll see as we are seen, and know as we are known that will indeed be a glorious day. On that day, man may look upon the glorious holiness of God, and not turn away in fear, or hide his face from Gods glorious radiance.However, even in this life, some measure of holiness is surely attainable for mankind, since God commands His creatures to Be holy, for I am holy (Lev. 1144, 45 192 207 1 Pet. 116). Holiness in man is a symbol of the holiness of God, but is also a humble aspiration to be more like God. Holiness in man is seen in a relational aspect. Gods purpose for share His attributes with humanity is certainly to foster obedience, but also to transform humanity into His image, as depicted in 2 Cor. 318. Here, God speaks through the Apostle Paul to His church, and says But we all, with unveiled face, beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image (emphasis added) from glory to glory, just as by the Spirit of the Lord. One remembers Isaiahs e ncounter, when in the presence of the Lord both he and the seraphim were overwhelmed (Is 62-6), and marvels at this bleak Testament approach to Gods presence, given by God for the edification of His saints. The observable contrast between the Old Testament and New Testament depictions of the workings of Gods holiness are indeed a source of blessing for those believers on this side of the cross of Christ. While this holiness is certainly limited, it remains lawful that God has now commanded the attempt to become in nature as He is, limited though the success of that effort will be. This holiness in man is reflected holiness. How it is that man may exhibit such an attribute of God? Creation reflects the attributes of the Creator. Quite simply, holiness in man is impossible apart from God however, holiness in man is a existence because Gods holiness overflows into the lives of His children. Gods holiness comes from that eternal fount, just as does His love, mercy, and impartialit y, but it comes in a unique way. Gods holiness comes through the transformation of a consecrated life a life that is being reconfigured to be what it is not naturally, but only what it can be under the direct influence of culmination into the presence of God. It is an alien concept, except that it is most obviously Gods plan for mankind.That such holiness comes from God alone is seen from Scripture. Moses removes any doubt, when he records Gods words in Lev. 218, I the LORD, who sanctify you, am holy. This clearly indicates the holiness of God, but also indicates that the process of becoming holy (sanctification) is Gods work. Further indications from Scripture are seen in Geislers observationsGod chose a holy people (Israel) (Deut. 76 142, 21 2619 289 Col. 12 1 Peter 29).He also picked circumscribed holy men (2 Kings 49). He elected a holy church (1 Cor. 12). Heset aside a holy land (Zech. 212). God chose a holy city on earth (Jerusalem) (Neh. 111Isa. 521) Gods holy city sits on a holy mountain (Ps. 151 481 Dan. 920). He also has aHoly city in promised land (Rev. 212, 10). God ordained holy priests (in Leviticus). God evendesignated a holy dumpsite (Jer. 3140), that is, a special place set apart to dispose ofthings. God demands a holy charge of His people (Lev. 2730). God had holy food (Lev. 2122). He expects us to live a holy life (Rom. 121 1 Thess. 47).23Clearly, Scripture is replete with these and numerous other references to Gods holiness, and its connection to mankind. Gods holiness is always demonstrated scripturally with the express purposes of revealing more of God to mankind, and of drawing mankind closer to God.Interestingly, God is seen in His holiness as a Law-giver. A holy God gave a law that was just and holy and good.24Holiness is an essential quality of God, both in a metaphysical sense, and in a moral, or honest sense. This realization brings to bear another aspect of Gods holiness as it is imparted to man. There is a moral or ethical co mponent of Gods holiness that bears upon man as he strives to come into the image of God. It is this conjunction of morality with holiness that defines the ethical component of Gods nature. He is God because He is ethically (morally) superior to all else, and this is do known through His holiness. In fact, The holiness of God in Scripture is never depicted apart from its moral and rational dimensions. A holy God is always moral, and he communicates in rational language.25Coppedge notes that there are six key elements26that comprise Gods moral holiness (1) righteousness and its correspondent standard of (2) moral purity. The (3) truth of God is reflected in both his pitch and his faithfulness in personal relationships. The (4) grace of God involves both his opt and his self-giving, and stands in close relationship to both the (5) love and the (6) goodness of God, which round out his moral image.27This moral component of Gods holiness is fundamental to the nature of God as He has made Himself known, but it goes far beyond just Gods self revelation. His holiness is also fundamental to mankinds right understanding of truth. There is no truth that man may know apart from Gods truth, which is absolutely based upon His holiness and purity. This fact comprises the moral compass of man. In fact, Erikson says, Gods perfection is the standard for our moral character and the motivation for religious practice. The whole moral code follows from his holiness.28Ericksons idea is that apart from Gods purity (holiness), it is impossible to worship Him rightly, as well as impossible to live rightly before Him.Without the ethical component of Gods holiness, humanity would be lost in a sea of relativity. Such is the danger of most of the heretical movements of religious history. We are living in a day of mental and moral and eldritch indolence, and therefore a time of superficial thinking in things relating to God and eternal matters.29These modern day religious movements amo unt to little more than mankinds attempt to subrogate Gods position as the ultimate authority over all creation. Almost without fail, every such attempt at heart is nothing more than a rejection of Gods holiness. The result is an attempt to replace Gods truth, which is absolute, with mans truth which is incomplete. Any such attempt can but fail because it is conceived in sin. Holiness points to Gods majestic purity because God is morally pure, He cannot pardon evil or have any relationship to it.30Apart from the ethical component of Gods holiness, mankind can do little more than count in vain for truth.14Having established holiness as a fundamental attribute of God a driving force behind His being as we know it, the question remains as to why this is important. There are two relational aspects of Gods holiness that must be understood. First, one must realize how Gods holiness affects His relationship with man as His creation, and conversely how mankind is to rightly respond to God because of His holiness. Only then may one understand how Gods holiness impacts a right relationship between man and men. These are sometimes referred to as vertical (God to man, and man to God), and naiant (man to man) relationships. In each case, the success of this effort depends upon the holiness of God as it is imparted unto the believer. Humanity cannot please God apart from reflecting His holiness back to Him, and this is done through the proper relationships of love for God and for fellowman.Relationally speaking, there are considerations of Gods holiness, as a communicated attribute, that have implications for mankind as well. There is a display of Divine holiness in redemption. His holy nature will not allow Him to look upon sin with the least degree of allowance. Salvation is not at the expense of His holiness. The Redeemer must bear the wrath collectible the sinner, for wrath is the exercise of His holiness. Gods hatred of sin was as much manifested in redemption as i t will be in judgment.31Understanding that Gods holiness is directed towards humanity for the purpose of glorifying Him through a right relationship is imperative for the development of the child of God. It is also foundational to the proper perspective of the creature, as he relates to the Creator, that man recognizes that the goal of the process of sanctification is the ultimate glorification to be found in the presence of God because of the work of Christ. Ryle states that, A man may go great lengths, and yet never reach true holiness.32It is this work of God in mans life that makes him right before God, resulting in a desire to please God through the obedient life. Augustine said, When we praise God directly, we do it as we celebrate His Holiness.33In keeping with this thought, Martin Luther said, We should not be holy in order to earn or check something. For people who do this are hirelings, servants, and day laborers. They are not unstrained children and heirs who are holy f or the sake of holiness that is, for the sake of God alone for God Himself is Righteousness, Truth, Goodness, Wisdom, and Holiness.3416 Finally, because God is supremely holy, He is deserving of mankinds total adoration, love, respect, and worship. To know God aright, one must recognize above all else that He is different because of His holiness. It is this difference that at once sets Him apart, and at the same, time draws us to Him. This difference is predicated upon His absolute holiness. Gods holiness establishes His uniqueness, and not just His grandness or grandeur. God demonstrates the vastness of the differences between His holiness and mans. Mankind is instructed to long for Gods holiness in such a way as to cause obedience and surrender in his life, yet to recognize the incomparability of Gods fire of a fierce divine love that will not rest case until God has redeemed all in a renewed heaven and a renewed earth that has become Gods dwelling place (Rev. 21-22). When our salvation is consummated we will be restored to the holiness of God. We will not have His power, nor His wisdom, but we will have His holiness.35In conclusion, one must generalise that Gods holiness is perhaps His greatest gift to mankind, other than salvation. All His other gifts are predicated upon His holiness. Gods Holiness is foundational and all other actions emanate from His holiness. His righteousness, justice, love, grace, mercy and truth are what they are because He is holy. God is transcendent because of His holiness, yet even the desire to have a relationship with humanity is predicated upon Gods holiness. Like Isaiah, when confronted with the presence (His holiness) of Almighty God, all any man may say is Woe is me, for I am undone Because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips For my eyes have seen the King, the LORD of hosts (Isa. 65). It is because of his holiness, that God is a consuming fire.36There is no right reaction ap art from locomote on ones face in utter humility and worship when confronted with this divine presence. However, because of the work of Christ for salvation, and the work of the Holy Spirit for glorification through sanctification, man may respond with great relief to Gods presence because through these works, God has imparted a measure of His holiness to humanity, until the day comes when we stand

Health Care Ethical Legal Conflict: Case Study

Health C ar Ethical Legal Conflict Case filmTable of Contents (jump to)IntroductionChoices in front of impactsFuturistic extend to of the decisions in such situationsGuidelines and command of turn outs in medico- respectable conflictsPrincipals go oned for such les reach out-and-takesImplementation of guidelines and principals in current matter outcomeReferences1. IntroductionIn the present case study in that location is an ethico- effective arise when doctors demand to perform treatment of continuing obstructive pulmonic disease (COPD) by which Mr. Con is suffering just his watchword (who has the laterality to decide on behalf of Mr. Con) is adamant on no treatment for COPD. An ethical concern is a pin down or crisis that calls for an undivided to choose among two alternatives. It is very important that the present day medical exam exam physicians have continuing ethico- effective education (Preston-Shoot, McKimm, Kong, Smith, 2011). Ethics is believed a standa rd of mete out and an idea of right and wrong beyond what the true(a) term is in every procedureicular situation. Moral assessments serve as a likewiseshie for ethical dash. Doctors have a legal right to obey with the set aside ethical and legal guidelines in their routine practice. Ignorance of regulation and its insinuations will be detrimental to the physician even though he takes reverence of the patient of of in good belief for the mitigation of the patients pain. In the present case study we are discussing the case of Mr. Con, who was suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and now in condition that he stack non make his hold decision. His son is representing his case about whether Mr. Con should give treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or not. The whole discussion in this essay will be based on this kind of ethico-legal issue.2. Choices in front of doctorsIn this case doctors do not have any choice other than legal option bec ause all acts that are do in fine spirit may not stand legal testing. There are various ethical legal issues which fucking seed forward if doctors refuse to consider the decision of Mr. Cons son and treatment the COPD. As Mr. Con is suffering from multiple ailments so there are less chances that Mr. Con will survive. According to present condition, doctors understructure be framed for unauthorized treatment, and if proved then for murder also. With the procession figure of cases filed by hurt patients expressioning for legal remedy from physicians and medical organizations, it is no longer a subject of choice, moreover a context-driven lawful consent and requirement for the physicians to be acquainted with essential legal concerns conf utilise in wellness practice. Professionalism is a subjective idea that refers to doctor exertion in the place of work and within his area, and how it makes other public look at you (Doyal, 1999).Some actions that doctors would take in condit ion of Mr. Con can be ethical in the view of one group of experts king make look puny in the views of others. Considering the lawful and ethical consequences of doctor conduct will help to make a decision what highschool of professionalism we want to uphold in different circumstances (Rogers Ballantyne, 2010). Medical ethical motive is a very important part of health practice, and weding ethical rules is a vital part of your occupation. Ethics deals with common principles of correct and incorrect, as opposed to obligations of law. A professional is anticipated to act in slip guidance that reveal societys thoughts of right and wrong, even if such conduct is not imposed by law. Often, though, the law is based on ethical concerns. In the present case physicians should think to treat Mr. Con for COPD condescension of consent of his son.Practicing suitable professional chastes has an optimistic impact on your repute and the accomplishment of your employers trade (PrestonShoot Mc Kimm, 2011). Many medical associations, therefore, have generated guidelines for the adequate and preferred modes and behaviors, or decorum, of medical assistants and doctors. The codes of medical moral philosophy have expanded over time. The Hippocratic jollify, in which medical scholars pledge to perform medicine morally, was developed in olden Greece. It is still used these days and is one of the bases of contemporary medical ethical motive. The Code of Ethics of the American association of medical assistants (AAMA) shall set 4th principles of ethical and moral appearance as they relate to the health profession and the specific practice of medical supporting (Iqbal Hooper, 2013).3. Guidelines and code of conducts in medico-ethical conflictsThere are various guidelines which doctors should follow in the case similar to the present case of Mr. Con. The doctors mustiness cautiously follow every state and federal practice rules and regulations while execute this treatment. Th ey must follow the Code of Ethics for medical subordinates. It is an important part of their duty to avoid misconduct claim appeal case by the Mr. Cons son in opposition to the doctor for mistakes in cure.To perform efficiently as a medical subordinate, the doctor must pursue all OSHA guidelines for safety, risky equipment, and poisonous substances (Knight, Sleeth, Larson, Pahler, 2013). The place of treatment should hear quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) principles for all examinations, samples, and treatments. It is his accountability to follow HIPAA rules, to make sure Mr. Con confidentiality and privacy of his evidences, to entirely document patient direction, and to maintain patient proofs in an arranged and readily available manner (Anthony, Appari, Johnson, 2014). In the present case of Mr. Con, physician should follow the risk management which can be expound as a technique of bring down possibility of liability during institutional practices.4. Principals followed for such casesIf Mr. Con is able of providing intimate consent, then his choice about cure, including non-treatment, should be considered. This is a customary increase enforceable legal standard and reliable with the ethical code of respecting the reign of the patient.But in the present case, situation is totally different. Ethical methods work in a comparable mode to ethical codes, the exploit of which has obtained much consideration in recent times. There are significant limitations to the standards approach to ethics which relate evenly to ethical codes. The hypothesis is most remarkably described based on 4 codes sovereignty, non-malfeasance, beneficence, and impartiality (Mason, Laurie, Smith, 2013). These principles are observed as one of 4 tiers in a ladder of aims of study demand for ethical rationalization. At the 1st tier there are precise decisions which are necessary at the 2nd take aim by moral laws. These in turn are necessary at the 3rd level by princ iples, and codes are lastly justified at the 4th level by more inclusive ethical hypothesis. Both, the method and applicability of principles have been tested, as well as protected as a stiff structure for biomedical ethics. On the other hand, even their strongest enthusiasts do not see standards as a total or self-standing connotes of establishing moral practice. Beauchamp Childress straighten out that Principles direct us to acts, but we still require assessing a condition and formulating a suitable reply, and this evaluation and reaction flow from character steerage to the extent that from standards (Petersson et al., 2012). Gillon then called this the 4 principles and scope mode of biomedical ethics (Gillon, 2012). In the case of Mr. Con, doctor should follow these principals and plan the treatment.5. Implementation of guidelines and principals in current caseThe content of common principles and regulations represents theories and worths that can locate the common ethical n ature and approach for fitness care. Though, it is of humiliated use in explaining personal ethical decisions. The insinuations for establishing ethical systems lie in recognizing their possible worth in describing the moral atmosphere and ethical approaches that are divided by health care employees. Regulations can also give clear sites for a few headline moral subjects for example euthanasia, but cannot give the convinced answers to a lot of ethical troubles encountered in the way of daily checkup practice. The purpose as to whether Mr. Con has theabilityto offer assured authorization is everydayly an expert decision made and texted by the treating health care supplier. The provider can create a purpose of doubtful or enduring inability, and that fortitude should be bonded to a particular verdict. The legal word competencymay be employed to explain a legal finding of supervisory capacity. The designation of a particularsubstitute choice makermay either be sanctioned by court regulations or is specified in condition statutes.6. ConclusionIf a court has decided that a patient is lacking ability, a health care giver must acquire informed permission from the court-agreed decision-maker. For instance, where a protector has been selected by the court in a responsibility act, a health care giver would look for the informed authority of the custodian, provided that the applicable court arrange covers individual or health care executive. From the whole discussion, we can conclude that, first the doctors should seek legal sound judgment and the according to options they should plan the treatment. Doctor should try to make Mr. Cons understand about the consequences if Mr. Con will not treat for COPD soon. If his son still remains adamant then doctor should follow the court decision and do the treatment accordingly. Doctor should follow medical code and conduct but that should be in range of law.7. ReferencesAnthony, D. L., Appari, A., Johnson, M. E. (2014). Ins titutionalizing HIPAA Compliance Organizations and Competing Logics in US Health Care. diary of health and social behavior, 55(1), 108-124.Doyal, L. (1999). Ethico-legal dilemmas within general practice. General practice and ethics Uncertainty and responsibility, 37.Gillon, R. (2012). When four principles are too many a commentary. daybook of medical ethics, 38(4), 197-198.Iqbal, R., Hooper, C. R. (2013). Ethico-legal considerations of teaching. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care Pain, 13(6), 203-207.Knight, J. L., Sleeth, D. K., Larson, R. R., Pahler, L. F. (2013). An analysis of OSHA inspections assessing contaminant exposures in general medical and surgical hospitals. Workplace health safety, 61(4), 153-160.Mason, K., Laurie, G., Smith, A. M. (2013). Mason and McCall Smiths law and medical ethics Oxford University Press.Petersson, I., Lilja, M., Borell, L., Andersson-Svidn, G., Borell, L., Beauchamp, T. L., et al. (2012). To feel safe in everyday life at k infolk a study of older adults after home modifications. Ageing and Society, 32(5), 791.Preston-Shoot, M., McKimm, J., Kong, W. M., Smith, S. (2011). politeness for legally literate medical practice? Student perceptions of their undergraduate medico-legal education. Journal of medical ethics, 37(10), 616-622.Preston-Shoot, M., McKimm, J. (2011). Towards effective outcomes in teaching, learning and assessment of law in medical education. Medical education, 45(4), 339-346.Rogers, W., Ballantyne, A. (2010). Towards a practical definition of professional behaviour. Journal of medical ethics, 36(4), 250-254.

ICE Construction Contract

nut case look ContractThe ICE Conditions of Contract 7th reading bar Version1. IntroductionThe ICE contract has been around since 1945 and is opine for use on civil organiseing expire. Civil engineering exit is fundament altogethery distinguishable from building seduce it involves fewer trades, b arly freighter be much bigger in scale there is great uncertainty in civil engineering spirt, bulgeicularly in grunge working. When a site investigation takes place for building work, bore holes and foot race pits usually give a good indication of the extent of scope water, rock and the like in the case of a large reservoir, for example, it is unimaginable to be as certain. This in turn privy mean that morphological work drives to be varied. For these reasons the work has to be remeasured and valued as it ramp upes, the bill of quantities being approximate a point of confusion is when should work be measured and valued downstairs the contracts adaptation provision s, and when should the remeasurement provisions be used. The bill of quantities therefore has two main functions firstly, as a tendering catalogue and secondly, as a base for valuation.The contract does non recognise the beingness of a quantity surveyor. All salary and valuation is by the engineer, although a Q.S. may actually do some of this work.This note does not shell out e rattlingthing in the disciplines, merely high alights some of the much contentious atomic number 18as.2. Discussion of articles broadly speakingThe clauses contain no punctuation. Only a court tail end reconcile where punctuation can go.Clause 1 definitions and interpretationsSub-clause (1)(c ) defines the engine driver. The train is a soulfulness or Firm..This should be read in conjunction with clause 2(2)(a) the avower must k presently who will be giving it instruction manual.Sub-clause (1)(v) defines the site. This can everyplacewhelm other places and not just the land where work is taking place.Sub-clause (2) defines woo .all expenditure properly incurred or to be incurred whether on or complete site including overhead finance and other charges properly allocatable to that but does not include either(prenominal) allowance for profit.Clause 2 The design and the engine drivers RepresentativeThe conductCarries out duties specified in or implied by the contractHas the authority specified in or implied in the contractA named Chartered lead must act as the engineer if a firm is stated in the contract, a named one-on-one must be nominated within 7 days of the gift of the contract, and before the works commencement dateThe lead can be replaced the avower must be communicateedThe Engineers RepresentativeHas more powerfulness than the clerk of works downstairs JCTEngineers duties may be delegated, apart from decisions and certificates under 12(6), 44, 48, 60(4), 61, 65 or 66. Delegation shall be in authorship with a copy to the asseveratorAssistan tsThe Engineer or the ER may distinguish assistants to assist the ER. Names shall be notified to the contractor. Assistants are purely concerned to untroubled the acceptance of materials and workmanship as being in accordance with the contract. They can issue instructions only in relation to these matters.InstructionsShall be in piece of musicHowever, the contractor shall keep an eye on with oral instructions different from JCT.Oral instructions can be confirmed in writing by the contractor or Engineer no beat limit, but as soon as is possible under the circumstancesThe Engineer or ER can be asked to specify under which of the Engineers duties or authorities the instruction was issued. It does not refer to an empowering provision, another clause in the contract, unlike JCTClause 5 (documents mutually explanatory)This clause is very shortened but highly contentious. On the face of it, it says that the various documents forming the contract shall be taken as mutually explanato ry and any ambiguities shall explained and alter by the engineer who shall thereupon issue instructions in writing to the contractor. These instructions shall be regarded as instructions issued under clause 13. (More will be utter somewhat clause 13 later on).Does this clause mean that only ambiguities and discrepancies included in the tender documents can be adjusted? If an error in the tender documents was so obvious when looking at the documents as a whole, should an engineer refuse to issue an instruction? opposed JCT, the contractor does not become to notify the engineer about any matters requiring clarification.On the other hand the word shall imposes a duty on the engineer to issue instructions and does not confer any delicacy on the engineer.It is curious that clause 13(3) refers back to clause 5 and allows for payment to be made to the contractor, but clause 5 itself makes no look up of payment.See also the comments on clause 8 below.Clause 7 (further drawings speci fications and instructions)There are two classes of further drawings specifications and instructionsi). Those which amplify and explain what is already in the contract.ii). Those which require any sport to any part of the Works.. In this case the work is deemed to be a variation under clause 51 i.e. no formal instruction in writing is needed.The express link between clause 7 and clause 51 implies that the valuation rules under clause 52 should apply.It should also be famed that the contractor could be paid under clause 13, although clause 7 does not state this.Under sub-clause (1) the development shall be supplied from time to time. This representation that the engineer can take into account the contractors actual progress on the job.Sub-clause (3) States that the contractor shall give adequate notice in writing. and sub-clause (4) allows for the contractor to be presumptuousness an extension of time and plain cost if it is delayed by failure or inability of the Engineer to i ssue at a time reasonable in all the circumstances Drawings, Specifications or instructions requested by the contractor.. The words requested by the contractor are rather ambiguous is formal write notice under sub-clause (3) a condition precedent to the operation of sub-clause (4)?Clause 8(1) (contractors general responsibilities)Under this provision the contractor shall(a) innovation and complete the works (the meaning of such(prenominal) phrases has already been covered)(b) provide all labour materialsand everything.required .for such construction and completion so far as the necessity for providing the same is specified in or clean to be inferred from the Contract. The highlighted words suggest that if ambiguities and discrepancies could be corrected by inference from other contract documents, then the contractor could not search the engineer to act under clauses 5 and 13.Clause 10 (performance security)This very important clause will be discussed in the lecture on insuranc es and bonds.Clauses 11 and 12 (the basis on which the tender was based/ claims arising from adverse physical conditions and artificial obstructions)Clause 11Sub-clause (1) under ICE 6 the employer was deemed to throw off made available to the avower, before submission of tenders, all data on ground works obtained by or on behalf of the Employer from investigations undertaken pertinent to the Works. This meant that the employer should have given the contractor every piece of information about the site that was in the employers possession, and if he did not do so the contractor could have grounds for a claim under clause 12 irrespective of the contractors obligation to inspect the site under sub-clause (2). The wording has now been changed to reflect the fairer position that the contractor should have priced that job on the basis of the information actually passed to it (subject to its obligation to inspect the site under sub-clause (2).A new section (1)(b) has been added cover ing pipes and cables in on or over the ground.Second part of 11(1) the contractor is responsible for the interpretation of all such information for the purposes of constructing the Works. does this refer to the tender preparation or the work on site?Sub-clause (2) inspection of site the contractor is deemed to have(a) inspected the site(b) to have snug himself so far as is practicable and reasonable on(i) the form and nature of the ground(ii) the extent and nature of the work(iii) operator of communication and access etc. to the site(iv) obtaining information as to risks contingencies and all other circumstancesSub-clause (3) basis and sufficiency of tender the contractor shall be deemed to have(a) based his tender on his own inspection and the information made available by the Employer or obtained by the contractor(b) satisfied himself as to the correctness and sufficiency of the rates and prices stated by him in the bill of quantities.Clause 12Sub-clause (1) Has the asse verator encountered physical conditions (other than weather conditions or conditions collect to weather conditions) or artificial obstructions which could not reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced asserter? Clearly, foreseeability would need to be examined in the light of what information the employer passed to the contractor under 11(1) and the information that should have been gathered by the contractor under 11(2). If so written notice should be givenUnder sub-clause (2) the Contractor shall at the same time or as soon thereafter as may be reasonable inform the Engineer in writing pursuant to Clause 53 and/or Clause 44(1) that he intends to claim costs and/or timeNB clause 53 has a 28 day limitSub-clause (3) requires the Contractor to give details of any anticipated effects of the physical conditions or artificial obstructions measures he has taken or is taking and anticipated effects, costs and delays in or interference with the carrying out of the Works (whether or not the contractor intends to submit a claim).Sub-clause (4) action by the engineer he may require the Contractor to investigate and report on preference measures he can give written consent to the measures taken by the Contractor give written instructions as to how the physical condition or artificial obstruction should be dealt with and he can monastic order suspension under clause 40 or a variation under clause 51Up to this point there is no admission of liability on behalf of the employer unless a variation has been orderedSub-clause (5) if the Engineer decides that the physical condition or artificial obstruction could have been reasonably foreseen by an experienced Contractorthen the Engineer shall inform the Contractor in writing however, any variation ordered under sub-clause (4)(d) shall be paid under Clause 52.Sub-clause (6) the engineer determines the delay and costs incurred with a reasonable addition for profit, and any extension of time provided that the conditi ons or obstructions could not reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced contractor. There is no need for the contractor to submit a separate claim for an extension of time under clause 44.Clause 13Sub-clause (1) (work to be to satisfaction of engineer) dispense with insofar as it is legally or physically impossible the Contractor shall construct and complete the Works in strict accordance with the Contract.and shall comply with and adhere strictly to the Engineers instructions on any matter machine-accessible therewith (whether mentioned in the Contract or not).These words have nevertheless changed over the years, and have been considered by the courts in several prominent cases. dole out the following scenario A contractor is asked to forward a method financial statement with his tender. When the work come ons it soon becomes apparent that the contractors method statement is impossible to work to, and he has to do the work in a more dearly-won manner. Can the contractor claim the extra costs involved?Sub-clause (2) states that the climate and manner of construction shall be to the engineers satisfaction.Sub-clause (3) gives the procedure for dealing with delay and extra costs.A final point to consider should variations be issued under clause 51 or 13?Clause 14 The ProgrammeThe syllabus under ICE has much more significance than under ICE, but not as much as under the NEC. It is, however, not a contract document.The programme should be submitted by the contractor within 21 days of the award of the contract. There are procedures for the Engineer to accept or reject the programme with reasons. In that case the contractor must bushel and resubmit the programme. These procedures are all carried out in 21 day time frames.Together with the programme the engineer may request a general description of the arrangements and methods of construction.The accepted programme should be revised if the Engineer considers that the actual progress of work does not co nfirm to the programme.Clause 40The Engineer may instruct the contractor to suspend the progress of the works or any part thereof. Subject to the exceptions listed, the contractor can be given an extension of time and costs.Clause 41The contractor shall start the works as soon as is reasonably practicable after the works commencement date. The contractor should proceed with due expedition and without delay.Clause 44The contractor should give notice within 28 days if the matters listed entitle him to an extension of time. scar sub-clause (1)(f) other special circumstances of any kind whatsoever This would be interpreted contra proferentem by a court.The Engineer shall make an assessment of the delay and notify the contractor in writing. The Engineer shall also make an assessment in the absence of a written notice from the contractor.The Engineer can make an interim extension award. This cannot later be reduced.The Engineer makes a further assessment at the due date for completion. A gain, this cannot later be reduced.The Engineer makes a final finding within 28 days of substantial completion.Clause 46If the Engineer considers that the contractors rate of progress is too slow, he may issue a notice to the contractor. The contractor shall then take steps to expedite the progress of the works. This is not acceleration. Acceleration is covered by sub-clause (3).Clause 47 liquidated returnUnlike JCT, the Engineer does not issue a notice of non-completion/Note that under ICE, the deduction of LADs is suspended for the stopover of an intervening variation, then resumes. JCT does not specifically state this, but legally the position is the same.Clause 48This covers substantial completion, which is different from practical completion under JCT.under ICE the contractor starts the procedure by notifying the Engineer there is no such notice under JCT. The Engineer decides within 21 days. The work so certified shall have passed any final test.Outstanding work can be te rminate after substantial completion there are no criteria defining when such work can so be permitted.Clause 49Covers outstanding work. The contractor must continue insuring this work until it is accepted.Clauses 51 and 52 variations and their valuationThese are similar to JCT. Note that if the contractor informs the Engineer that a rate for work not the subject of the variation is rendered inapplicable by the variation, the Engineer shall fix the rate.Clause 53 excess paymentsClaims are submitted under this clause, apart from any dealt with by clauses 12 or 13. Note that the basis of payment is cost, not loss and/or expense.Clauses 55-57 MeasurementICE is a measure and value contract, so procedures for remeasurement need to be included.The quantities in the BQ are estimatesThe Engineer ascertains by admeasurementRates can be adjusted if the quantity of an item increases or decreases this is determined by the engineer after consulting the contractorThe contractor is to be given an opportunity to look for measurement if he does not, the Engineers measurements are taken to be correct.Remeasured work may be valued on dayworkThe method of measurement is CESMM unless otherwise provided in the contractClause 60 Certificates and PaymentsThe contractor prepares interim payment applications unless the contractor decides one is not neededPayments are made monthlyA minimum amount stated in the appendix must be reached before a payment is madeInterest is payable on overdue payments. This is in addition to the right of suspension under the Construction Act.Within 3 months of the defects correction certificate, the contractor shall forward to the Engineer a statement of final account.Within a further 3 months the Engineer issues the certificate. This is only a payment certificate and signifies nothing else.Clause 61 Defects Correction CertificateThis is issuedAt the end of the DC periodIf more than one DC period applies, it is issued at the end of the last periodOu tstanding work under 48 must be completedMaking good under 49 and 50 must be completedThe certificate states the date when the contractor shall have completed his obligations to construct and complete the Works to the Engineers satisfaction. This is the most important certificate under ICE. equalise this certificate with the final certificate under JCT.